Cystoscopy

Overview of Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy is a procedure that allows a healthcare provider to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra—the tube that carries urine out of the body. During the procedure, a thin instrument called a cystoscope, equipped with a light and camera, is inserted through the urethra and into the bladder. This allows the physician to clearly view the lining of the urinary tract and identify any abnormalities.

Cystoscopy can be performed in a hospital, outpatient surgical center, or clinic. The type of procedure and use of anesthesia depend on the reason for the exam and the patient’s individual needs.

Why a Cystoscopy Is Performed

Cystoscopy is commonly used to diagnose, monitor, and treat conditions affecting the bladder and urethra. It may be recommended to evaluate symptoms such as:

  • Blood in the urine
  • Painful urination
  • Frequent or urgent urination
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Recurrent urinary tract infections

The procedure can help diagnose conditions such as bladder cancer, bladder inflammation (cystitis), bladder stones, or an enlarged prostate.

In some cases, small instruments can be passed through the cystoscope to perform treatments during the procedure, such as removing a small tumor, taking a biopsy, or addressing certain urinary tract issues.

A related procedure, called ureteroscopy, may also be performed to examine the ureters—the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Possible Risks

Cystoscopy is generally safe, but potential risks may include:

  • Urinary tract infection
  • Mild bleeding in the urine
  • Temporary burning with urination
  • Mild abdominal discomfort

In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to help reduce the risk of infection.

When to Contact Your Provider

Mild symptoms after cystoscopy are common and usually resolve quickly. However, contact your healthcare provider if you experience:

  • Fever or chills
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Bright red blood in the urine or large clots
  • Burning with urination lasting longer than two days

Preparing for a Cystoscopy

Preparation depends on the type of procedure and anesthesia used. Your provider may recommend antibiotics and provide instructions regarding eating, drinking, or medications prior to the procedure.

Following all preparation guidelines helps ensure a smooth procedure and recovery.

What to Expect During the Procedure

Cystoscopy is typically a quick procedure. A simple outpatient exam may take 5–15 minutes, while procedures involving sedation or anesthesia may take about 30 minutes.

During the procedure:

  • You may be asked to empty your bladder beforehand
  • You will lie comfortably on an examination table
  • A numbing gel is applied to the urethra
  • The cystoscope is gently inserted into the urethra and advanced into the bladder
  • Sterile fluid may be used to fill the bladder for better visualization

If needed, tissue samples may be collected for further analysis.

After the Procedure

Most patients can return to normal activities shortly after cystoscopy. If sedation or anesthesia is used, you may need to remain at the facility until it wears off.

Drinking plenty of water can help flush the bladder and reduce irritation. Mild discomfort may be eased with a warm compress or bath, if approved by your provider.

Results

In many cases, findings can be discussed immediately after the procedure. If a biopsy is performed, results will be reviewed during a follow-up visit.

If you have questions or notice any changes after your procedure, keeping track of your symptoms can help guide follow-up discussions with your healthcare provider.